This direct approach provides a simple and efficient method to label multiple sequences for FISH. Enzo also offers fluorophores with several distinct colors to choose from, spanning the visible light spectrum and guaranteeing high signal intensity and good photostability. Multiplexing can easily be envisaged with FISH as two or more different probes can be labeled with different fluorophores by, e.g., nick translation using Enzo’s Nick Translation DNA labeling system 2.0 kit, which provides a simple, rapid, reliable, and efficient method for the end users to generate their own labeled DNA probes for FISH in just one hour. Once the probes hybridize to their target sequences, results can be observed as distinct fluorescent spots under a microscope. With FISH, endogenous, bacterial or viral nucleic acids such as DNA, mRNA, and microRNA can be identified in metaphase spreads, cells, and tissue preparations using fluorescently labeled DNA or RNA probes. It is one of the oldest cytogenetics methods and was used as early as 1993 to determine aneuploidy for preimplantation diagnostics. These powerful tools can help provide a greater understanding of the role of chromosomal changes in genetic diseases and cancers.įISH was first described in August 1969 by two independent research groups. We have used our superior labeling technology at Enzo to develop a broad range of molecular tools for the cytogenetics market, including FISH and array CGH solutions. To further support your analysis of chromosomal and genomic structure, Enzo Life Sciences provides all the materials needed (dye- or biotin-labeled nucleotides, nick translation kits, hybridization solutions, and development chemistry) to generate the highest quality fluorescence or chromogenic in situ hybridization experiments. Also, it is a subjective technique so detection of abnormalities often depends on the expertise of the analyst. However, this method is limited by its low resolution and narrow target range, making it capable of detecting only large chromosomal changes (typically > 5 Mb).
Traditional cytogenetic studies use karyotyping with the Giemsa stain to visualize G-banding patterns, which is instrumental in identifying major chromosomal abnormalities such as monosomies, polysomies, chromosomal rearrangements, and large deletions or duplications. Chromosomal abnormalities, including aneuploidies, deletions, duplications, and rearrangements, may result in misregulation of gene expression or generation of novel mutated proteins and thus constitute a common cause of cancer, infertility, and various congenital disorders such as Down syndrome.
To understand the role that chromosomal variations play in disease, cytogenetic analysis has become an integral part of current medicine.
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